What's a layman's definition of the Phase-Locked Loop function?
Something that takes a signal in, locks on to it, makes an identical signal, and as the signal changes, it detects the phase changes between the two and adjusts itself. It's how radio tuners work now, locking on to a station.
People seem to have a hard time describing exactly what it sounds like. What does it sound like?
It doesn't sound like anything else. It's 3-part harmony it's all a square wave — it's unique. Powerful. It can sound tubular, you can make it sound like a Theremin or an outrageous fuzz tone. It reacts and acts like no other pedal that exists.
The PLL took two years to make?
It took me two years to get it to interface with a guitar. A guitar is such a crazily erratic signal — these things want clear signals. The interface took a lot of trial and error. It tracks a keyboard signal much easier — that's very regular. There are so many harmonics when you hit a guitar string.
Why's your tracking circuit so good? How's it different from other analog tracking circuits?
Before I invented the PLL, I had an MS-03 signal processor. You plug a guitar into it, then plug a synthesizer into it, and I built a high resonance band pass filter, so whatever note I hit it would track that note, hit it, and stay on it with infinite resonance, feeding back on itself. The PLL is a different animal. That was a pitch-to-voltage converter. Mine locks on to the signal like a smart bomb locks on to a target, and the tracking control lets you adjust how well it can lock on and whether it can falter, like when it's all vibrato-y, it's trying to find the signal. As the signal goes out of pitch, the phase starts to change, and it keeps correcting itself. That was one of the hardest things to figure out, to limit the amount of controls you can put on it. I limited it down to 3 controls for tracking. I could've had 50, but then no one could figure out how to use the thing...
Some people can't figure out how to use it now! Do you think there's a learning curve to your pedals?
All my pedals are designed so that you can turn the knobs too far, it can go nuts, and go out of control. I hate pedals that you can't turn up loud enough. All my pedals are way more powerful than a nine-volt battery. The Lion can make the signal ten times louder. The PLL will blow your amp up if you're not careful. I've insisted on that. They're like sports cars. If you put the gas pedal down too far, you'll get in an accident. You've gotta know how to drive these things. Commercial pedals are so lowest common denominator... "Oh, we don't want to scare anyone or confuse anyone." People come in to try it out playing slap guitar, and I'm just like, I'm not gonna even bother trying to explain it to you. The people who do buy it use it on everything. "Dude, I use it on everything in the studio, I use it on vocals, Mellotrons..."
Drum machines?
If you put a drum machine into it, it'll make its own bass line in between the beats. When you set the tracking slow it falls to the next note.
The PLL has two attachments, the Drone and a Moment switch, and there are rumors of an Arpeggiator for the PLL. Is it done?
I haven't had time to make it. The arpeggiator will change the harmonies in a rhythm, with as many permutations as you can think of. It can skip patterns, go up, go down.
Like a Moog sequencer?
Yeah, it's basically taking that rotary switch and switching it automatically.
Do all your pedals have clean outputs?
Clean outputs are great. For the PLL, plug the clean out into a reverb for a beautiful clean guitar sound, and that mixed with the crazy PLL makes this orchestral thing. I love additive synthesis — like Ravel's "Bolero" — a million instruments playing the same melody. I think that's amazing. I love that idea. That's sort of the idea for the PLL. It can be adjusted so that it plays along with you in an almost human way, like having a robot play along. It's sort of alive in a strange sort of way.
Did the idea for the PLL first come from wanting more options live or in the studio?
When I was 18, I was trying to make a band that would only play these weird instruments. The instruments had a different scale, like 19 tones per octave. They looked kind of like Flying V's, everything was designed around a triangle: three strings, three pickups, three amps, everything into three. It was like this golden mean. Then I realized I couldn't make them. You need a factory. I decided to do it with recording instead. The same idea, to take a five-note chord, and record one track for each string. That same idea goes into the PLL, amplifying what you have, increasing what you have.
How did you bring that to life? How does someone begin to make their own pedals?
All you gotta do is read books...
What book would you recommend?
The first real book that taught me about electronics, kind of started me making electronics was Electronic Projects for Musicians [by Craig Anderton].
Did you have any mentors along the way?
Well, I had a studio up near North Hampton, Massachusetts. I had this MCI 24-track machine which
was broken, and I knew nothing about fixing those machines. I barely knew anything about electronics, and there was this super engineer guy — I mean, this guy worked on the Tomahawk Cruise Missile, he was a real scientist — John Schumacher. He'd call me at midnight and talk to me until six in the morning and teach me how to fix this thing. He'd be like, "Okay, you know how radio works. Well back in the 1920's..." He basically taught me everything over the phone over the course of one year.
You've never actually met?
No. I'd like to meet him. He taught me so much, and eventually after eight months, I got this 24- track working.
Now you make all of these pedals completely by yourself, down to the box?
I basically invented the aesthetic. I was gonna just paint it and silkscreen it, but I went into the store looking at all the pedals and I was like, they all do this, they have a color with silkscreen writing, I can't do this, I have to do something weird. So I said, "Alright," I'll make it metal writing. How can I do that? Oh, I'll make the writing like a circuit board. I'll etch it like a circuit board. But I have to turn the background black. How do I do that? I went through about 50 different materials that would stick to the circuit board but nothing would work. Eventually I found something that worked. So I invented that whole process. Most people would be like "I have an idea for a pedal, I'll just send it to a guy." But I'm the guy. Now I'm stuck making all these boxes because no one else knows how to do it.
